亚当·斯密的思想框架及启迪

善和恶是人性中的两个基本维度。基于人性恶会导致利己行为,并会为一己之利而损害他人,因此,我们需要通过法律制度来维护正义。基于人性善会产生利他行为,使得人与人之间友爱和睦,因此,我们崇尚人类的美德品质。本文从人性出发,完整地解读了斯密思想的法律观、道德观和经济观,揭示了斯密心中完美的理想社会和人类自然秩序,阐述了斯密思想对现实社会发展的启迪和意义。文章最后揭示了为保障实现理想社会的三条自然法则:正义的法律作为人的一切行为的外在规范;公正的旁观者作为人的一切行为的内心监督;在平等和自由条件下追求自我利益。     

Shopping with the resale value in mind: A study on second‐hand luxury consumers

The market for second‐hand luxury products is growing and the variety of available sales channels has increased; consumers can buy second‐hand luxury goods not only from brick‐and‐mortar stores but also from a myriad of both global and local online channels. Arguably, the increase in available sales channels has changed consumers’ purchasing behaviour as the roles between sellers and buyers are alternating as one can act as a buyer one day and a seller the next. However, prior research on luxury consumption has mainly focused on brand‐new luxury goods, largely neglecting the consumption of previously‐used luxury products and has not accounted for the multi‐channel shopping environment. The purpose of this paper is to understand how consumers mentally approach the purchase of second‐hand luxury products and what kinds of decision‐making styles they use. The empirical interview data of 22 consumers was analysed by the means of shopping style dimensions that account for both consumer characteristics and external shopping conditions. The interviewees were members of a Facebook buy and sell ‐group focused on luxury products and had recently bought a second‐hand luxury product. All the existing dimensions were evident in the data but an additional dimension was also identified: resale value consciousness. The new dimension emphasizes an investment‐led and price‐quality conscious shopping style but was also found to relate to impulse buying and brand consciousness. The emergence of the dimension is argued to be due to the increase in viable online sales channels for second‐hand luxury products.     

Wealthy Hand‐to‐Mouth Households in China

The wealthy hand‐to‐mouth are households who are poor in liquid wealth (e.g. cash and checking accounts) and rich in illiquid wealth (e.g. housing and retirement accounts), while the poor hand‐to‐mouth are poor in both liquid and illiquid wealth. Data from the China Household Finance Survey reveal the following facts about the country’s wealthy hand‐to‐mouth. First, they represent the majority of the hand‐to‐mouth households in China. Second, they have different wealth portfolios and demographic features from the poor hand‐to‐mouth. Finally, they have larger consumption responses to income fluctuations than non‐hand‐to‐mouth households, after controlling for endogeneity, income, hand‐to‐mouth status and other household characteristics.     

Helping hand or grabbing hand?: Politicians, supervision regime, financial structure and market view

Almost all the literature on the evolution of the financial supervision architecture stresses the importance of financial market characteristics in determining the recent trend toward more unification. But in the real world it is not always clear to what extent market features matter. We present two complementary approaches to gain insights in the above relationship, focusing on the political cost and benefit analysis. First, a cross-country study tests two alternative theories—the helping hand and the grabbing hand view of government—to determine the impact of the market structure on the supervisory setting. Our evidence seems more consistent with the grabbing hand view, considering the degree of banking concentration a proxy of the capture risk and presuming the market demonstrates a preference for consolidation of supervisory powers. Second, the results of a survey among financial CEOs in Italy confirm a market preference for a more consolidated supervisory regime but reveal only weak consistency between the views of the policymakers and those of the market operators.     

政府规模与经济发展

本文研究了地方政府规模过大对地方经济发展的负面影响。通过计量分析发现,地方政府规模与当地人均GDP水平呈显著负相关。地方政府可以在培育市场、提供公共物品上发挥重要作用,从而成为"帮助之手";但也有可能设租和寻租,从而阻碍当地的经济发展,成为"掠夺之手"。而设租、寻租的规模与政府的规模密切相关。本文试图通过信号传递模型解释政府规模是如何影响地方经济发展的,以此说明政府机构改革的必要性。     

Fiscal centralization and the form of corruption in China

Fiscal recentralization in China in the 1990s introduced incentives that changed the form of corruption at the local government level from the helping-hand to the grabbing-hand type. Against the background of the experience of China, this paper describes how the central–local government revenue-sharing rule introduces strategic considerations that affect the form of corruption and thereby economic growth. Information regarding the possibilities for substitution in the form of corruption is shown to be relevant for decisions regarding fiscal centralization. However, the consequences of the decisions made in China suggest that such information was either not available or was not taken into account.     

"一把手"监督难的原因和对策

"一把手"监督难的原因是:上级组织重使用、轻管理;同级和下级不愿监督或不敢监督;一般群众无法监督.有效监督"一把手"的措施是:健全监督机制;加强学习;完善监督制度;落实监督措施.     

The Natural Roots of Capitalism and Its Virtues and Values

When we think of theories that attempt to root capitalism in nature, the one that comes most readily to mind is Social Darwinism. In this theory, nature – driven by Darwinian natural selection (the struggle for existence and the survival of the fittest) – is interpreted to imply, when applied to human activities, that extreme competition will allow the most "fit" competitors to rise to the top and to survive in this "struggle for existence," and this process of dog-eat-dog competition leads to both material and social progress. Not only has this theory been shown to be seriously flawed, the putative social implications of Darwinian natural selection do not accord with the findings of contemporary neoDarwinists who maintain, for example, that the behavior of monkeys and apes reveals a blend of competition and cooperation and, generally, a close connection to human moral behavior.Adam Smith provides a more helpful view of the connection between nature and capitalism. He maintains that nature's wisdom, as seen in its harmony and balance, is displayed in economics and human nature. Competitive free enterprise, as a vehicle for exchange, functions within a cooperative context and exhibits virtues and values such as mutual help and benefit, trust, harmony, and friendship. I shall show that neoDarwinists agree with Smith's view that nature supports a connection between competition and cooperation, and they maintain that moral activity, rather than destructive dog-eat-dog competition, is necessary to achieve the goals of natural selection.     

PVC手套生产线手模温度在线测量的研究与应用

为了解决PVC手套生产过程中手模温度在线测量难题,开发出一套移动物体在线测温装置。该装置安装红外测温传感器,采用PLC控制的同步跟踪技术对生产线手模进行跟踪,保证红外测温传感器和手模同步并正确测量其温度。用组态软件kingview开发出手模温度在线测量的监控界面,对手模温度进行实时监控。实验结果显示该装置运行稳定,采集的温度可靠。     

Karl Mittermaier and the hands of classical liberalism

Karl Mittermaier (1938–2016) completed a work in 1987 titled The Hand Behind the Invisible Hand: Dogmatic and Pragmatic Views on Free Markets and the State of Economic Theory, published for the first time in 2020. Here I treat Mittermaier's rich meditation, which I interpret as a pursuit of greater coherence in classical liberal thought. Mittermaier emphasises the moral, cultural, and institutional preconditions of a liberal market order, and argues that some of the preconditions depend on people feeling that they have reason to embrace such classical liberal principles. The preconditions, then, depend in part on the perception of coherence and appeal of the liberal order.